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+# Issues of an Assured Tool-Chain
+
+We do not have any assurance that our basic tools are not compromised.
+
+* Compilers
+* Operating Systems
+* Hardware Platforms
+* Verilog and Other Tools to Produce Chips
+
+
+At the base, is the compiler.  The fear was first formally expressed in
+Ken Thompson's 1984 Turing Award Lecture
+[Reflections on Trusting Trust](http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~ganger/712.fall02/papers/p761-thompson.pdf).
+
+David A. Wheeler's PhD thesis, [Fully Countering Trusting Trust through Diverse Double-Compiling](http://www.dwheeler.com/trusting-trust/)
+outlines how we might deal with the compiler trust conundrum.